RESUMO Para estudos de desempenho térmico, a modelagem computacional tem sido apresentada como uma importante ferramenta na tomada de decisões para solucionar problemas complexos e cotidianos na produção e pesquisa em avicultura. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo validar modelos computacionais desenvolvidos por meio do programa EnergyPlus e a partir destes avaliar o desempenho térmico de um aviário com diferentes tipos de telhas (termoacústicas, cerâmicas, fibrocimento e metálicas). A pesquisa consistiu em duas etapas: uma fase experimental e outra fase para a simulação computacional das condições climáticas em quatro modelos de aviário, considerando diferentes tipos de telhas. A fase experimental foi conduzida em duas estações climáticas, inverno (2019) e verão (2020), onde foram aferidos e registrados os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar através de seis data loggers HOBO modelo H12, distribuídos no interior de um aviário localizado no semiárido pernambucano. Para a simulação computacional, foi desenvolvido um modelo virtual do galpão com auxílio da interface gráfica de usuário OpenStudio no Sketchup, e posteriormente o cálculo do desempenho térmico foi realizado por meio do software EnergyPlus. A validação dos modelos mostrou uma forte correlação entre os dados obtidos de maneira experimental e os simulados, apresentando valores do coeficiente de correlação de Pearsons (r) maiores que 0.95. As simulações demonstraram a influência das telhas no desempenho térmico da edificação avaliada, onde para as condições climáticas do semiárido pernambucano, o melhor desempenho térmico foi apresentado pelas telhas termoacústicas, seguido das telhas cerâmicas, de fibrocimento e metálicas.

ABSTRACT For studies of thermal performance, computational modeling has been presented as an important decision-making tool to solve complex and everyday problems in poultry production and research. Thus, the present study aimed to validate computational models developed using the EnergyPlus software package and, based on these, evaluate the thermal performance of a poultry house with different types of tiles (thermoacoustic, ceramic, fiber-cement, and metal). The research consisted of two stages: an experimental phase and another phase in which the climatic conditions in four aviary models are numerically simulated, considering different types of tiles. The experimental phase was conducted in two climate seasons, winter (2019) and summer (2020), where air temperature and relative air humidity data were measured and recorded using six HOBO model H12 data loggers distributed inside an aviary located in the semiarid region of Pernambuco state, Brazil. For the computer simulation, a virtual model of the house was developed using the OpenStudio graphical user interface in Sketchup, and the thermal performance was calculated using the EnergyPlus software package. The models were validated, showing a strong correlation between the experimental and simulated data, with Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) values greater than 0.95. The simulations demonstrated the influence of the roof tiles on the thermal performance of the evaluated building. For the climatic conditions of the semiarid region of the Pernambuco state, thermoacoustic roof tiles presented the best thermal performance, followed by ceramic, fiber-cement, and metal roof tiles.

ABSTRACT Infrared thermography (IR) is a non-invasive tool with potential to indicate changes in the animal’s thermal conditions in response to the thermally stressful environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of IR to estimate the rectal temperature of crossbred goats of the Boer breed. Six male crossbred goats of the Boer breed were distributed in a completely randomized design and submitted to temperatures of 26, 30 and 34 °C. Rectal temperature (RT) and thermograms data were collected from animals at each air temperature evaluated. In the thermograms, the temperatures of the ocular globe (PT), head (HT), shoulder (ST), hindquarter (HQ) and maximum infrared (IRMax) of the animals’ surfaces were collected, the latter being observed in the lower region of the animals’ eyes, at all air temperatures evaluated. The correlation of PT, HT, ST, HQ and IRMax data with the RT was evaluated through the Pearson coefficient analysis and the concordance using Bland-Altman diagrams. With the exception of the IRMax surface temperature, the others were adequate for the accurate estimation of RT, with PT standing out for presenting the highest correlation coefficient with RT (r = 0.951) and estimation errors varying in the range of ± 0.27 °C.

RESUMO O emprego de fibras sintéticas como reforço para concretos em substituição das armaduras de aço vem sendo difundido mundialmente em diversas aplicações, ganhando destaque na aplicação para pisos industriais, revestimentos de túneis, pavimentos rodoviários, etc., isto é, estruturas contínuas em contato com o solo que requerem desempenho no meio elástico. O presente trabalho investiga a aplicabilidade do concreto reforçado com fibras sintéticas na laje de fundo de silos apoiados diretamente sobre o solo, sendo o mesmo composto por um estudo experimental e um estudo de caso. O estudo experimental resume-se na análise do comportamento mecânico desse concreto, testando-se três concentrações de fibras sintéticas (3.0, 4.5 e 6.0 kg m-3) numa matriz de concreto simples convencional. O estudo de caso consiste no dimensionamento dessa peça em concreto armado convencional e concreto reforçado com fibras sintéticas, com o objetivo de realizar um comparativo econômico entre os dois projetos. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que a concentração de fibras que contribuiu para melhor desempenho mecânico da matriz de concreto foi o de 3.0 kg m-3. O estudo de caso mostrou que o projeto mais econômico foi o dimensionado com concreto reforçado com fibras.

ABSTRACT The use of synthetic fibers as reinforcement for concrete replacing the steel reinforcement has been diffused worldwide in several applications, gaining prominence in the application for industrial floors, tunnel linings, road pavements, etc., i.e., continuous structures in contact with soil that require performance in the elastic medium. The present study investigated the applicability of concrete reinforced with synthetic fibers in the bottom slab of silos supported directly on the ground, being composed of an experimental study and a case study. The experimental study consisted of the analysis of the mechanical behavior of this concrete by testing three concentrations of synthetic fibers (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg m-3) in a conventional simple concrete matrix. The case study consisted of the design of this part in conventional reinforced concrete and concrete reinforced with synthetic fibers with the objective of performing an economic comparison between the two projects. The experimental results showed that the fiber concentration that contributed to a better mechanical performance of the concrete matrix was 3.0 kg m-3. The case study showed that the most economical design was the one made with fiber-reinforced concrete.

RESUMO A ventilação à pressão negativa em aviários vem sendo utilizada para viabilizar a correção de seus microclimas internos, sendo que pesquisas apontam para a distribuição heterogênea do ar ao longo dos galpões e inadequação das variáveis ambientais às faixas recomendadas para o conforto térmico de aves adultas, especialmente nas horas mais quentes do dia. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, diagnosticar as instalações de um aviário no estado da Paraíba, quanto à distribuição das variáveis ambientais e ao conforto térmico, desenvolver um modelo computacional e validá-lo mediante simulações utilizando dinâmica de fluidos computacional - DFC. O registro da temperatura do ar (Tar), umidade relativa do ar (UR) e velocidade do vento (Vv) permitiu caracterizar o ambiente interno por comparação com as faixas recomendadas para cada variável e por meio do índice de temperatura, umidade e velocidade do vento (ITUV). O galpão não provem conforto às aves adultas alojadas, entre 12 e 14 h, com ITUV indicativo de alerta e valores de Tar, UR e Vv não pertinentes às faixas recomendadas; o modelo DFC do aviário foi validado com médias de Tar coletadas em campo de 27,75 ± 1,35 oC e simuladas de 27,85 ± 0,55 oC, médias de UR coletadas de 83 ± 12% e simuladas de 78 ± 3% e médias de Vv coletadas de 2,35 ± 1,35 m s-1 e simuladas de 2,50 ± 1,50 m s-1.

ABSTRACT Negative pressure ventilation in poultry houses has been used to enable the correction of their internal microclimates, and studies point to the heterogeneous distribution of air along the aviaries and the inadequacy of the environmental variables to the recommended ranges for thermal comfort of adult birds, especially in the hottest hours of the day. This study aimed to diagnose the facilities of a poultry house in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, regarding the distribution of environmental variables and thermal comfort; develop a computational model and validate it for Computational Fluid Dynamic - CFD simulations. Air temperature (Tair), air relative humidity (RH) and air velocity (Vair) data allowed characterizing the internal environment by comparison with the recommended ranges for each variable and by the temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI). The poultry house does not provide comfort for the housed adult birds, between 12 and 14 h, with THVI indicating alert and Tair, RH and Vair values outside the recommended ranges; the CFD model for the poultry house was validated with Tair averages collected in the field of 27.75 ± 1.35 ºC and simulated of 27.85 ± 0.55 ºC, mean values of RH collected of 83 ± 12% and simulated of 78 ± 3%, and means of Vair collected of 2.35 ± 1.35 m s-1 and simulated of 2.50 ± 1.50 m s-1.

RESUMO Os caprinos são animais homeotérmicos considerados rústicos do ponto de vista bioclimático. Porém, em condições térmicas desfavoráveis, pode ocorrer a redução de sua eficiência produtiva. Realizou-se o presente estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a dilatação pupilar como indicador do estresse térmico em caprinos mestiços Boer, mantidos em condições ambientais controladas. Seis caprinos machos mestiços da raça Boer foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e submetidos às temperaturas de 26, 29 e 33 °C. Foram monitoradas a dilatação e temperatura pupilar, frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura superficial e retal. Ocorreu a elevação nas respostas fisiológicas em razão do aumento da temperatura do ar. Constatou-se aumento da dilatação pupilar dos animais com a elevação da temperatura do ar, observando-se um acréscimo de 26,96 mm2 de área pupilar quando comparadas às temperaturas de 26 e 33 °C, sendo possível estabelecer uma correlação entre temperatura do ar e aumento do diâmetro pupilar chamado de razão de estresse pupilar (REP).

ABSTRACT Goats are homeothermic animals considered as rustic from the bioclimatic point of view, but the reduction of their productive efficiency may occur in unfavorable thermal conditions. The present study was carried out to evaluate pupil dilation as an indicator of thermal stress in Boer crossbred goats maintained under controlled environmental conditions. Six male crossbred goats of the Boer breed were distributed in a completely randomized design submitted to temperatures of 26, 29 and 33 °C. The pupillary dilation and pupillary temperature, respiratory frequency, heart rate, surface and rectal temperatures were monitored. The significant increase in physiological responses occurred in response to the increase in air temperature. An increase of pupillary dilation was observed in the animals with the elevation of the air temperature, with an increase of 26.96 mm2 in pupillary area when comparing the temperatures 26 and 33 °C, and it was possible to establish a correlation between air temperature and pupillary diameter increase, named pupillary stress ratio (PSR).

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with 94 (+49) days of age, through the production and quality of the eggs, with the birds kept in environments illuminated with LED lamps in the colors white, blue and red. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three treatments (lamp colors) and seven replications. In the three environments, the relative air temperature averages can be considered above the thermal comfort zone for quails; however, the black globe temperature index, humidity and the thermal radiation load can be considered comfortable. The laying percentage of the birds kept under white LED was inferior to those maintained in the red LED. The feed intake, the feed conversion, the average weight and the egg quality were not affected by the different lamp colors (P <0.05) or by the climatic indexes that were within the average for the species, and these lamps could be used in the production of quail eggs.

ABSTRACT: More and more industries are faced with new products that need to be stored in silos which, in general, require knowledge of their physical properties and, above all, flow. Food industries are among those using powders as raw materials likely to develop functional problems. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the flow properties of six food powders using equipment called Powder Flow Tester, and the results were compared with those recommended by the Eurocode 1 Part 4 international standard. Wide range of variation in the flow properties responses was observed, suggesting that their expression through a single average value may not be suitable for vertical silos. It was concluded that only the bulk density of products is in accordance with the standard. In relation to flow, only flaked corn is able to flow without possibility of obstruction in the discharge with higher discharge outlet dimensions, being also recommended for flaked oat.

ABSTRACT With the demand in the production at large-scale food, confinement of animals has become a necessity of the productive process because of the increase in production capacity and optimization of the spaces reserved for creations. In this context, the aim of this study was the development and validation of models using fuzzy logic for predicting climate indices and productive performance of European quails kept in a climatic chamber. The model developed was analyzed from two points of view; the first one took into account the prediction of climate indexes where the input variables were the temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) of the air. In the second, related to the prediction of productive performance, the input variables were air temperature (°C) and age of the birds (weeks) while the output variables were the food intake (FI, g), water consumption (WC, g), weight gain (WG, g) and food conversion (FC g g-1) of the birds. The Mamdani method was used for the preparation of the rules, and in the defuzzification was applied the center of gravity method. Based on the results generated by the models and compared with the experimental data it was obtained coefficients of determination (R2) of: 0.9771; 0.9897; 0.9955; 0.9995; 0.9993 and 0.9788, for BGTHI, RTL, WC, FI, WG and FC, respectively.

ABSTRACT For the calculation of silos structures it has been used new methods and computational tools that require mechanical properties knowledge that are still unknown for most storable materials, especially grains. In this context, we aimed to determine the mechanical properties of rice and beans grains with moisture contents of 10, 12, and 14% by applying four compressive loads (5, 10, 15 and 20). The determined mechanical properties were Poisson's ratio (ν), Modulus of Elasticity (E), and the dilatancy angle (ψ). The procedure consisted in the application of the load in compression cell, adapted from MOLENDA & STASIAK, aiming to simulate loading and unloading of silos. We observed that the Poisson's ratio calculated for both loading and unloading, presented higher values than the experimental values, with the increase of their moisture content; the experimental elastic modulus presented higher values than the calculated ones, and both increased their values with the increase of their moisture content; the dilatancy angle decreased with the increase of moisture content and compressive loads.

RESUMOObjetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o conforto térmico proporcionado por diferentes tipos de cobertura, com base nas análises térmicas e nos índices de conforto térmico humano e zootécnico. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de 20 de março a 29 de maio de 2014, na UFRPE, no município de Recife, PE. Os tipos de cobertura analisados foram: telha de fibrocimento (Tfib), telha reciclada (Trec), telhado verde, grama, Zoysia japonica (Tgra) e telhado verde, amendoim, Arachis repens (Tame), com quatro repetições cada um; as variáveis meteorológicas foram registradas interna e externamente aos modelos. A análise térmica das coberturas foi realizada por meio de imagens termográficas e o conforto térmico das instalações foi obtido por meio dos índices de conforto, carga térmica radiante, índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade, índice de conforto humano, índice de temperatura e umidade e temperatura efetiva. Os telhados verdes (Tame; Tgra) reduziram a temperatura da superfície interna das coberturas (5,3 e 4,4 ºC), promoveram maior atenuação da temperatura dos ambientes (1,37 e 1,35 ºC) e, consequentemente, promoveram também maior conforto térmico, em comparação com a Tfib e Trec.

ABSTRACTThis research aimed to evaluate the thermal comfort provided by different types of coverage, based on thermal analysis and levels of human and animal thermal comfort. The research was conducted from March 20 to May 29, 2014, in UFRPE in Recife, PE. The types of coverage analysed were: fiber cement tile (Tfib), recycled tile (Trec), green roof, grass, Zoysia japonica (Tgra) and green roof, peanuts, Arachis repens (Tame), with four replications. The meteorological variables were recorded internally and externally for the models. Thermal analysis of the covers was performed using thermographic images and the thermal comfort of facility was obtained through the level of comfort, radiant thermal load, black globe temperature and humidity index, human comfort index, temperature and humidity index and effective temperature. Green roofs (Tame; Tgra) reduced the temperature of the inner surface of the panels (5.3 and 4.4 ° C), promoted a higher attenuation of the environment temperature (1.37 and 1.35 °C) and therefore, promoted higher thermal comfort in comparison with Tfib and Trec.

No cálculo de estruturas de silos vem-se utilizando, ao longo dos tempos, novas ferramentas e métodos visando à determinação das características dos produtos armazenáveis. Objetivou-se, com a pesquisa, determinar as propriedades mecânicas e de fluxo de produtos granulares como grãos de arroz e milho triturado, com teores de umidade de 10, 12 e 14% e de farinha de mandioca, produto este considerado pulverulento com teores de umidade de 10 e 12%. Para a determinação das propriedades mecânicas foram realizados ensaios de compressão em célula especialmente confeccionada para esta finalidade. Foram utilizadas quatro cargas de compressão (5, 10, 15 e 20 kN). Os ensaios de propriedades de fluxo foram realizados utilizando-se equipamento de cisalhamento translacional conjugado com célula de cisalhamento denominada Jenike Shear Cell. Todos os ensaios foram realizados no período de julho a setembro do ano de 2012. Pode-se afirmar que os resultados satisfizeram o preconizado pela metodologia de tipo de fluxo e as adotadas pelas normas internacionais; os valores médios das propriedades mecânicas foram consistentes aos encontrados na literatura.

In the calculation of structures of silos comes up, over time, the use of new tools and methods aiming to determine the characteristics of storable products. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanical and flow properties of granular products such as grains of rice and ground corn at moisture contents of 10, 12 and 14% and cassava flour properties, which is considered as a powder with levels of humidity of 10 to 12%. For the determination of mechanical properties, compression tests were performed on cell specially made for this purpose. Four compression loads (5, 10, 15 and 20 kN) were used. The flow properties tests were conducted using translational shear equipment combined with Jenike Shear Cell. All assays were performed during the period from July to September, 2012. It may be stated that the results meet the criteria of the methodology flow pattern and those adopted by international standards; the average values of the mechanical properties were consistent to the ones found in the literature.

A predição exata das forças que atuam no corpo de um silo é um dos principais problemas, no que tange ao quesito dimensionamento dessas estruturas. Com o objetivo de mensurar as forças atuantes no fundo e nas paredes dos silos durante o processo de descarregamento foram instrumentados, por meio de células de carga e células de pressão, a parede e o fundo de um silo piloto vertical cilíndrico com fundo plano. As leituras das células foram realizadas por sistema automático de aquisição de dados durante o carregamento e o descarregamento de areia seca. O silo foi carregado concentricamente e descarregado concêntrica e excentricamente, a partir de duas excentricidades. O experimento ocorreu no período de janeiro a abril de 2008, no Laboratório de Construções Rurais e Ambiência da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, PB. Os valores experimentais foram confrontados com os prescritos pelas normas Eurocode 1, ISO 11697, AS 3774 e DIN 1055. Conclui-se, então, que os valores teóricos de força vertical propostos pelas normas foram superestimados em relação aos obtidos experimentalmente para a maioria das formas de descarregamento. Para a força de atrito nas paredes as normas produziram resultados compatíveis com os obtidos experimentalmente.

The exact prediction of the forces that act on the vertical walls of silo is major problem when it comes to the question of design of these structures. In order to measure the forces acting on the bottom and vertical walls of the silo, the vertical wall and the bottom of a pilot vertical flat-bottom cylindrical silo was instrumented through load cells and pressure cells. The cell readings were performed by automatic data acquisition during loading and unloading of dry sand. The silo was concentrically loaded and concentric and eccentrically unloaded from two eccentricities. The experiment took place during the period from January to April 2008 at the Environment and Rural Construction Laboratory of Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba. The experimental values were compared with the standards Eurocode 1, ISO 11697, AS 3774 and DIN 1055. It can be concluded that theoretical values of vertical force were overestimated when compared with experimental results for majority of unloading methods. For friction forces on silo walls, the values from standards were compatible with the experimental results.

As condições de conforto térmico dentro das instalações e a idade das aves afetam diretamente a produtividade de galinhas-matrizes pesadas, portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os índices de conforto ambiental e produtivo em matrizes de frangos de corte, em condições de inverno, na região semiárida nordestina, utilizando aves da linhagem Cobb Avian 48, com idade entre 38 e 50 semanas. Os índices bioclimáticos mensurados foram a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar, o índice de temperatura de globo negro e a umidade, a concentração de CO2 e o nível de pressão sonora dentro das instalações. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3x3, com três tratamentos (meses) e três repetições (números de semana de coleta em cada mês). Em cada dia da semana, foram coletados 24 dados climáticos. Os índices bioclimáticos nos horários mais quentes do dia propiciaram desconforto às aves, e o nível de pressão sonora e o dióxido de carbono ficaram dentro do estabelecido pelas normas brasileiras. Mesmo fora da zona de conforto térmico em alguns horários, os índices produtivos encontrados estiveram coerentes com as recomendações técnicas do manual de criação da linhagem.

Henhouse thermal comfort and bird age influence broiler breeder hen productivity; this way, the present research aimed to assess thermal comfort indexes and broiler breeder hen performance during winter in North East semi-arid region from Brazil, using a Cobb Avian 48 broiler strain at the age of 38 and 50 weeks. We measured the following bioclimatic indexes: air temperature and relative humidity, black globe temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration and sound pressure levels at henhouse facility. Data analysis design was complete randomized in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three treatments (months) and three replications (week number of collection by month). A number of 25 climatic data were observed. Bioclimatic indexes at the most warm hours throughout the day promoted bird discomfort yet sound pressure and carbon dioxide levels were under the Brazilian standards. Even in thermal comfort zone at some hours, the productivity indexes were in compliance with those recommended by the strain creation guidebook.

Para desenvolver um projeto de silo, é necessário que fatores como o fluxo e cargas sejam criteriosamente avaliados. Portanto, como objetivo principal deste trabalho destacam-se a mensuração, a análise e a comparação com normais internacionais das forças de atrito nas paredes de um silo cilíndrico de fundo plano. Para a medição das forças de atrito, foram utilizados dois conjuntos de três células de carga e um sistema de aquisição de dados. O silo foi carregado concentricamente com areia seca e descarregado concêntrica e excentricamente a partir de duas excentricidades através de orifícios de 80 mm de diâmetro. Os resultados evidenciam que o modelo de silo-piloto é adequado para a medição das forças de atrito nas paredes e que os valores teóricos propostos pelas normas AS 3774 e DIN 1055 são mais adequados para representar as forças de atrito, tanto no descarregamento concêntrico quanto no excêntrico para todas as relações H/D estudadas.

For the development of silo designs, it is necessary that factors such as flow and loads be carefully evaluated. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to measure, analyze and evaluate international standards of friction forces on the walls of a cylindrical silo with flat bottom. For the measurement of friction forces, two sets of three load cells and a data acquisition system were used. The silo was concentrically loaded with dry sand, and concentrically and eccentrically discharged from two eccentricities through holes of 80 mm diameter. The results show that the pilot silo model is suitable for measuring the friction forces on the walls, and that the theoretical values proposed by AS 3774 and DIN 1055 standards are more appropriate for the representation of friction forces in both concentric and eccentric discharging for all studied height/diameter ratios.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as pressões horizontais em um silo metálico cilíndrico de paredes corrugadas e fundo plano com 1,82 m de diâmetro e 5,4 m de altura, e comparar os valores com os obtidos teoricamente pelas normas ISO 11697, EP 433 e AS 3774. O silo foi carregado de forma simétrica e velocidade constante com trigo cv. soft red para duas diferentes relações de altura/diâmetro (H/D) e descarregado através de três orifícios com diâmetro de 71,6 mm, sendo um concêntrico e dois excêntricos. As pressões horizontais foram medidas nas paredes do silo, em três posições, utilizando-se de células de pressão tipo hidráulica. Os resultados mostraram que logo após o início da descarga ocorreu fluxo de massa acima da cota de H/D = 1,2, enquanto abaixo desta cota se observou fluxo de funil. Pode-se afirmar que a norma EP 433 se mostrou mais adequada para predizer as pressões horizontais em silos com relação H/D = 1,0 com descargas excêntricas. Para a relação H/D = 1,5, a norma AS 3774 foi a que produziu valores mais próximos aos experimentais.

The focus of this research was to evaluate the horizontal pressures on a cylindrical metal silo of corrugated walls and flat bottom with 1.82m diameter and 5.4m high, and to compare the values with those obtained theoretically by the ISO 11697, EP 433 and AS 3774 standards. The silo was symmetrically filled and constant speed with wheat cv. soft red for two different height/diameter ratios (H/D) and was unloaded through three orifices with a diameter of 71.6mm, one concentric and two eccentrics. Horizontal pressures were measured on the walls of the silo at three positions using hydraulic type pressure cells. The results showed that shortly after the start of the unloading, there was a mass flow above the quota of H/D = 1.2, whereas below this quota funnel flow occurred. It can be said that the EP 433 standard was more appropriate to predict horizontal pressures in silos in H/D ratio = 1.0, with eccentric unloading. For the H/D ratio = 1.5, AS 3774 standard was the one that produced values closer to the experimental.